A Multi-Layer Explainable AI Framework for Transparent Urban Budget Allocation in Smart Cities: SHAP Attribution, Causal Inference,Counterfactual Reasoning, and the Budget Explainability Score

Likely AI

www.researchsquare.comSubmitted May 7, 2026

Urban budget allocation in smart cities represents a critical Artificial Intelligence (AI) governance challenge, as deployed machine learning (ML) models remain opaque, difficult to audit, and misaligned with emerging regulatory frameworks. This study proposes a Multi-Layer Explainable AI (XAI...

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